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denying William Faulkner any of his merits and acclaimed achievements,
so obvious to his twentieth-century readers, one may question whether
at least one of his novelistic masterpieces, The Sound and the Fury,
should not be taken with a grain of salt. Indisputably, Faulkner
manages in The Sound and the Fury to surpass most of the contemporary
novelistic endeavors of the time, yet nowadays one may no longer
find Faulkner’s poetic choices as inspired and fitting. The
stream-of-consciousness technique, for instance, pertains to a long-gone
experimental epoch. Moreover, any comparison to James Joyce's and
Virginia Woolf's approaches would show differences in result and
effect. The employment of the stream-of-consciousness technique
is, grosso modo, a matter of extended consistency and Faulkner's
variegated stylistic pleas seem to have acted against the auspicious
reception he expected – to say nothing of the baffling attitudinal
stances projected onto the characters. Symptomatically, Faulkner
is quite late in finding a unifying thematic principle, which is
what Cowley ultimately systematically prompted him to do in the
40s. To add to his readers' frustrations, Faulkner claims to have
never been satisfied with the quality of The Sound and the Fury
and, therefore, to have rewritten it several times. What he contributes,
in the long run, are several quite conflicting points of view on
it. It goes without saying that variety, rather than repetitiveness,
of one's best stylistic feats is what both writers and readers have
always revered; yet one might find it hard to decry the splendid,
unmistakable stylistic unity of Virginia Woolf's novels. Faulkner's,
on the other hand, seem to be quite the opposite, the American author
seeming to have focused less on the fashioning of a dependable,
lasting style, and more on the outlining of a rampant apocryphal
mythology.
In The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner experiments in a bold way and
on a larger scale than ever, at least as far as the novelistic discourse
is concerned. At the same time, he is most aware of the fact that
this may be quite risky and that he needs to be easily identified
by his reader as a writer in a class of his own. The total dissolution
of an author's omniscience is by far the best solution for him,
and he knows that it is not only by means of his literary experiments
that a writer can and should attain his creative individuality.
In more than one way, therefore, the poetic situation of The Sound
and the Fury is highly ironical, especially as regards its first
section, which to any skeptical reader may seem to have been too
extensively and unreservedly praised. Let us not forget that, undisputed
as it has been for most of the twentieth century, Faulkner's literary
fame oscillated a great deal in the thirties and the forties. This
may have happened not only due to the fact that his masterpieces
were somehow ahead of their time, and especially in spite of Faulkner’s
investment of a great deal of universal meaning in his writings,
which would appeal to even a larger variety of readers than Faulkner
himself could imagine or expect.
There are, however, several welcomed effects of Faulkner's literary
approach on his readership to be considered, and the most prominent
of them is that of the shattering unifying vision that the writer
employs. This is quite obvious in The Sound and the Fury; yet, at
times, without being brought to the fragmentariness of As I Lay
Dying, it also makes his masterpiece look short-breathed and even
the very source of successive, ensuing failures. One of the reasons
for this is to be linked to the challenging literary conventions
in the first section of the novel, to the unsurpassable technical
difficulties that they entail. On the other hand, one should also
consider the rather frustrating aspects of an author's being unable
to achieve in writing what cannot be achieved except in real speech,
and sometimes not even so, but only in one's mind. Hence the apparent
insurmountable difficulties that Faulkner has had to face in writing
The Sound and the Fury.
The author sticks in this novel to a manner that he considers both
modern and suitable: that of an incisive, abrupt, not exactly self-explaining,
beginning. Benji's first sentences are passionate and poignant,
meant to set the tone for at least the rest of this section. However,
save for the difficulties and limitations to render or rather to
equate in writing the wealth of one's mind, the reader may ask himself
whether it is appropriate to start the novel with an autistic's
inner discourse.
The reader can hardly miss the fact that Faulkner's greatest challenge
in the first section of The Sound and the Fury is how to make the
basic meaningful. An author cannot do that satisfactorily at all,
but he may still equate it to the normal perception of things. The
greatest rub, therefore, is to what extent such an attempt may be
made to sound conventionally convincing. In order to critically
assess that, what we have in mind is to try to read Faulkner's creative
mind as well – not only Benji's, his character (no matter
how blatantly that may account for an “intentional fallacy”).
Undoubtedly, no matter how great a writer's creative thrusts and
desires are, their results can still be deceptive or at least disputable.
Thus, one may go as far as to claim that what is abnormal or basic
can provide for but a shallow rendition, as when trying to probe
into the mind of extraterrestrials and, in general, into anything
that is alien to you. The only thing that the reader can be offered
this way, instead of the empathy that he expects or even craves,
is the frustration of no apparent normality. How can one assess
the experience projected onto the man-child Benji otherwise than
as being most anguishing? Time and again, the major problem in The
Sound and the Fury is that of a poetic compromise that the conscientious
reader, the addressee, can hardly overlook, go beyond. One may thus
decode Faulkner's poetic statements about this novel as the more
or less blatant confession of the addresser's having failed from
the very beginning, of not having been able to meet his readers'
expectations, while still pretending to have been quite painfully
aware of that.
One aspect that we should admit to is how frustrating the first
part of the novel is, also from a critical point of view: it displays
the opposite of critical resourcefulness – although that was
probably one of the ways in which Faulkner considered that he might
block some of the adversarial criticism to his works. From both
the writer's and his readers' points of view, the poetic challenge
in The Sound and the Fury is twofold: (1) of how the writer can
render convincingly the rather inchoate thinking of Benji, and (2)
of the way the readers may figure out anything coherent out of that,
i.e., recompose coherently Benji's discourse (this accounting, in
its turn, for a most strenuous attempt). However, everything remains
convincing as long as we consider the literary conventions proposed
by Faulkner.
As a rule, what one may take as standing for frustration in the
case of readers is, equally, the critics' bafflement. From this
point of view, the novel is bound to lag behind poetry, in the sense
that what Faulkner expects from the readers of The Sound and the
Fury is more than the readers are willing to do. Faulkner seems
to demand from his readers to fill in all the gaps in an imperfect,
rather careless, incongruous, retelling of a story. On the average,
Benji seems to speak too well for a mentally-challenged person,
or the convention that he is intended to support is too shallow,
lacking a solid clinical foundation. Although the general reader
does not look much for the latter, a writer needs considerable documentation
when intending to write fiction dealing with that. This may remind
the Romanian readers of the efforts made in the thirties by Liviu
Rebreanu to deal satisfactorily with a clinical case in his novel
Ciuleandra, the first Romanian psychological novel, that resulted
also in side effects upon the writer who had tried to identify with
the insane male character. This might not have been Faulkner's case
at all and, though the effort which he made in writing on this issue
is considerable and the foundations of Benji's basic attitudes would
not always correspond to the clinical data, the literary attempts
themselves to approximate it are still worth commending. In this
respect, one of Faulkner's chief allies is his having focused on
Benji's perceptions, sensations, such as the fact that Caddy smelled
like leaves or trees.
Nevertheless, even in this not entirely convincing poetic instance,
Faulkner's empathy with the human race may be considered to have
been large enough to let him intuit some of the greatest truths
and basic manifestations. In the long run, the reader is persuaded
to consider that there cannot be much contradiction as to the ways
in which literature and psychology are able to support each other
in the case of a perceptive writer. This is also the very case of
Benji's keen perception of the horse or of the golf balls which
are being hit. Time and again, what the reader expects from the
discourse, in terms of coherence, and what the actual perception
and articulateness of a retarded person have to offer, may have
enacted a contradiction. This may be mainly due to the poetic impositions
of the novelistic discourse not to be carried by the writer beyond
a certain level of intelligibility. Thus, no matter how limited
Benji's vocabulary is, it is the correctness of his tongue that
betrays Faulkner as the writer standing behind his characters and
making efforts to discipline his writing, rather than letting everything
dissipate, fall apart, free to associate dadaistically. Benji speaks
to himself the way in which the other white characters do, and if
there is any eye-dialect employed in this work, it is reserved for
the blacks. The only thing that would seem, though, quite obvious
in his case is the greater latency in his reactions to the stimuli
around, and his odd behavior. Faulkner's effort to redeem a mentally-challenged
person is noteworthy and it goes with his unmistakable sympathy
for children and the defenseless, vulnerable people. This is bound
to make Benji, in spite of his temporary inconclusiveness, quite
a memorable character, whom Faulkner employs in order to address
the inexhaustiveness of human experience. In order to retell a story,
Faulkner would employ several other characters not because they
have been able, in turn, to tell it properly (even Benji does that),
but to tell about different things seen differently in it. This
is what an omniscient, unifying point of view might have easily,
most successfully done from the very beginning, not only in the
last section of the novel. Yet Faulkner's attempts are to give his
novel a quite musical —although contestable — status,
something similar to Bach's Art of the Fugue. If there is one thing
that the reader is prone to find hard to ignore, it is the fact
that, in experimenting with Benji, Faulkner is very mindful of the
language he makes this character use and that, in this respect,
he manages to employ the least distorted language with, in fact,
the most distorted perception of things.
Admittedly, this reading of the novel is rather perverse, and this
is due to the fact that we know the novel, we have read it. What
Faulkner is interested in exhibiting here is the effect which outside
events may have on Benji. He thus introduces the readers to some
of the essential literary motifs in the book: Quentin's suicide,
his niece's running away, Mrs. Compson's egocentrism and hypochondria.
Time, the way Benji experiences it, is a continuum, and it pre-contains
everything, past and present, that the characters have to sort out
through their way of living.
From a stylistic point of view, the first section of the novel is
a masterpiece. From a transitive, referential point of view –
i.e., the point of view of telling a story – it is a failure.
Faulkner knows that and intends it like that, as a pretext to attempt
to tell it time and again. In his case, the handling of the stream-of-consciousness
technique is most risky and it is bound to fail him, due to the
compromises it goads a writer to make, rather than to any unbounded
liberties.
Seventy-five years after The Sound and the Fury was published, the
novel is no longer going to tell us much. The inevitable progress
that has been made in the meantime in the field of fiction is not
going to make Faulkner's experimental attempts appear so imposing
any longer. The first part of the novel is thus rather an invitation
to skip it, due to its tediousness and inefficiency in telling more
than not to tell the story. Not even in As I Lay Dying will Faulkner
employ the stream of consciousness for such long sections as in
The Sound and the Fury. The first part of the novel is thus an extremely
oral, reported part, and Faulkner's primary scope is to stress and
testify to how dramatically words fail us and our projects. It is
what Faulkner himself seems to have feared and, somehow, still found
hard to refrain from capitalizing on, in order to make his own failures
and fallacies pass for shabby triumphs somehow. It is mostly writing
that may fail even the truest anamnestical discourse, with its being
only marginally redeemed as an excuse for that – as a last
resort of this kind in conveying speech. However, the reader may
also have the impression that, in exposing Benji's thoughts and
gestures, writing cannot be blamed for anything. As a rule, in the
first part of the novel the writer strives as hard as he can to
keep writing as basic as the speech that it is to graphically convey
to the reader. This is the role that is prescribed for writing,
at the level that it is allowed to interfere with speaking, as for
instance in the case of Benji, to whom, save for being hugged by
Caddy and for the smells, it is only speech that matters, makes
sense. However, though Benji may seem to be the character who can
dispense with both conventional writing and speech, his own inner
world requires being written down, conveyed graphically to the reader.
To him, only speech exists, not writing – i.e., what is said
to him, what he can make out of what people say, the basic stimuli
and responses that can be elicited that way.
To a certain extent, it seems that the grand metaphor in Faulkner's
novel is aphasia – the impairment in which characters speak
and are spoken to without appearing to have been able to properly
render or to comprehend that essentiality of life which gets missed,
which is that greater meaning that they try to articulate and to
a larger and larger extent divide between them. Ironically, Benji
is presented as being mentally able to express the most meaningful
message about how little, associatively or not, we can make out
of human existence, and of the normal/abnormal interaction of the
life of sound and fury, even when not exactly told by an idiot.
Faulkner seems to tell us that what we can make sense of is mostly
what we cannot make sense of, and this is the graver theme of the
novel that goes beyond the fragmented introduction to several more
or less recurrent literary motifs.
The author also seems to tell us that, in fact, every literary project
that a writer embarks on is greater and more daring than could be
rendered verbally or graphically. It is both bound to go beyond
understanding and to challenge it. Willful ambiguity, such as that
of the time-montages, or of the Quentins and Jasons in the novel,
would go second, and it cannot deter the reader from realizing quite
a few things about the human condition itself – about the
quality of the language we employ and how we employ it in speaking
even when we may not seem to speak. At a time when Saussure dealt
his daring blow to traditional linguistics and Jakobson had his
own linguistic revelations by observing aphasic people's verbal
performance, mostly preceding the cognitive linguistics' pointing
to the intricate interrelationship between our thought and our speech,
Faulkner sublimates all that in his novelistic discourse, giving
the successive generations of readers plenty of food for thought.
This is quite engaging on Faulkner’s part, and it is only
in the second section of the novel that he feels more at ease in
trying again to tell his story. There, articulate thought and articulate
speech get on a par and there is a bursting desire to render in
coherent words life's excruciating experiences, taking the challenge
to try to make more sense of it.
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